Phonological disorders focus on predictable, rule-based errors (e.g., fronting, stopping, and final consonant deletion) that affect more than one sound.
What does this mean? Phonological process errors are patterns of errors. Here are some common phonological processes.
Final Consonant Deletion: is a pattern of errors where the child leaves off many final consonants in words. This occurs with many sounds. The child may be able to produce the sound correctly in other word positions, but always leaves it off of the end of a word. For example, they may say "boo" for "book" or "do" for "dog", but say the /k/ and /g/ correctly in other words such as "key" or "go".
Stopping: is a pattern of errors where the child replaces a "stop" consonant such as /b, p, d, t/ for fricative consonants such as /s, sh, z, ch, th, j/. This type of error typically doesn't occur beyond the age of 3 years. For example, "tun" for "sun" or "dirt" for "shirt".
Cluster Reduction: is a pattern of errors where the child omits at least one sound from a consonant blend. For example, "poon" for "spoon" or "boo" for "blue". Most cluster reduction errors are eliminated by the age of 4 or 5 years.
Fronting: is a pattern of errors where the child replaces a sound that is produced in the back of the mouth or throat /k/ or /g/ with sounds that are produced in the front of the mouth such as /t/ or /d/. For example, "tite" for "kite" or "do" for "go".
Backing: is a pattern of errors where the child replaces a sound that is produced in the front of the mouth such as /t/ or /d/ with sounds that are produced in the back of the mouth or throat /k/ or /g/. For example, "gog" for "dog" or "tootie" for "cookie".
What does this mean? Phonological process errors are patterns of errors. Here are some common phonological processes.
Final Consonant Deletion: is a pattern of errors where the child leaves off many final consonants in words. This occurs with many sounds. The child may be able to produce the sound correctly in other word positions, but always leaves it off of the end of a word. For example, they may say "boo" for "book" or "do" for "dog", but say the /k/ and /g/ correctly in other words such as "key" or "go".
Stopping: is a pattern of errors where the child replaces a "stop" consonant such as /b, p, d, t/ for fricative consonants such as /s, sh, z, ch, th, j/. This type of error typically doesn't occur beyond the age of 3 years. For example, "tun" for "sun" or "dirt" for "shirt".
Cluster Reduction: is a pattern of errors where the child omits at least one sound from a consonant blend. For example, "poon" for "spoon" or "boo" for "blue". Most cluster reduction errors are eliminated by the age of 4 or 5 years.
Fronting: is a pattern of errors where the child replaces a sound that is produced in the back of the mouth or throat /k/ or /g/ with sounds that are produced in the front of the mouth such as /t/ or /d/. For example, "tite" for "kite" or "do" for "go".
Backing: is a pattern of errors where the child replaces a sound that is produced in the front of the mouth such as /t/ or /d/ with sounds that are produced in the back of the mouth or throat /k/ or /g/. For example, "gog" for "dog" or "tootie" for "cookie".
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